10. ELECTRICAL VEHICLE BATTERY MONITOR WITH STATIC COOLING SYSTEM

With improving vehicle efficiency, thermal systems are increasingly important for effective and efficient heavy - and light -duty vehicle design. Developing flexible and cost -effective tools to understand vehicle thermal trade -offs at the system level is critical to designing advanced electrified traction drive systems and their associated thermal controls. When operating, the air conditioning (A/C) system is the largest auxiliary load on a conventional vehicle. A/C loads account for more than 5% of the fuel used annually for light -duty vehicles in the United States . Climate control loads can have an even larger impact on hybrid electric vehicle, plug -in hybrid electric vehicle, and all -electric vehicle (EV) performance. Hybrid EVs have 22% lower fuel economy with the A/C on . For all -electric vehicles, the effect of the climate control system can be even more severe. Due to the Heating the passenger compartment in EVs is challenging due of the relative scarcity of waste heat. As a result, the efficiency and range of the car are dramatically decreased. Cooling the cabin can consume a significant amount of the battery's energy. According to Mitsubishi, the MiEV's range can be decreased by up to 68% for heating and 46% for cooling on the Japan 10-15 cycle. For the Ford Focus EV running on the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule cycle, the Advanced Powertrain Re search Facility at Argonne National Laboratory has recorded 59.3% and 53.7% losses in range due to maximum h eating and maximum cooling, respectively.